Options

If a term feels confusing, come back to this page. The chapters use these words in context, but this is the quick lookup.

An option is a contract. Not a share. You don't own the company. You own a piece of paper that says "if this stock moves my way, I make money — if not, this paper expires worthless." That's it. That's the whole game.

1.1The Two Types

There are only two contract types in options. Every strategy starts with one of these.

A bet that the stock will go up. You pay a premium today. If the stock goes higher than your strike before expiration, you make money. If it doesn't, the contract dies.

A bet that the stock will go down. Same mechanics, opposite direction.

Most members trade calls. Puts come into play during sector drawdowns, hedges, or specific bearish setups.

1.2The Four Things Every Contract Has

Every options contract is described by four numbers. You'll see all four in any alert.

1. Ticker — the underlying stock (NVDA, AAPL, MSFT)
2. Strike — the price the contract is locked to
3. Expiration — the deadline date
4. Premium — what you pay per share (×100 = actual cost)

Example: "NVDA Dec 19 $150 Call at $3.50" means: betting NVDA goes above $150 by December 19, and you're paying $3.50 per share. One contract costs $350 ($3.50 × 100 shares).

1.3How Options Make Money

You buy the contract for $350. Two ways to profit:

The stock moves your way. The contract is now worth $700. Sell. Pocket $350. This is what 99% of members do.

Convert it into actual stock shares at the strike. Almost no one does this. Selling the contract is simpler and uses less capital.

1.4The Cost of Leverage

Why do options exist? Leverage. The same $350 that bought one NVDA call could only buy 2 shares of NVDA stock at $175. But with the option, you control 100 shares.

If NVDA goes up $10, your 2 shares make $20. Your option might gain $400+. That's the upside.

The downside: if NVDA doesn't move enough, or moves the wrong way, or just moves too slowly, your $350 goes to zero. Your stock shares would still be worth something.

Stocks don't have an expiration date. Options do. And from the moment you buy one, the clock is ticking against you. This is the single biggest mistake new options traders make — they treat options like stocks. They aren't.

2.1Two Kinds of Value

The premium you pay has two parts:

What the option is worth right now if you exercised it. A $150 call when NVDA is at $160 has $10 of intrinsic value. A $150 call when NVDA is at $140 has zero intrinsic value.

Everything else. The "time premium." This is the part that disappears as expiration approaches.

Premium = intrinsic + extrinsic. As time passes, extrinsic value bleeds to zero. By expiration day, all that's left is intrinsic value (or nothing, if OTM).

2.2Theta Decay

Theta is the daily cost of holding an option. It's how much value the contract loses every single day, just from time passing.

• 60+ days out: theta is slow. Maybe a few cents a day.
• 30 days out: theta speeds up.
• 7 days out: theta is brutal. Options can lose 30%+ in a week with no stock movement.
• 1 day out: almost all extrinsic value is gone.

Theta works against you every single day you hold a long call or put. The stock has to move enough to overcome the daily bleed.

2.3Why Short-Dated Options Are Dangerous

A 5-day call looks cheap. It costs $0.50 instead of $5. The trade looks great until you realize you need the stock to move massively in 5 days or you lose 100%.

Short-dated options are not "smaller" trades. They're faster trades. The math against you is much steeper.

0DTE — options that expire the same day — are the extreme version. Massive payouts when right. Total loss when wrong. Not for sizing experiments.

2.4LEAPS — The Slow Option

LEAPS are options that expire 1+ year out. Almost no theta decay in the early months. They act more like stock with leverage.

• Time is on your side longer
• You can ride out volatility
• You pay way more premium upfront
• Best for high-conviction setups you'd hold the stock for anyway

LEAPS are how Nefarious turns a high-conviction stock thesis into a leveraged position without the time pressure of short-dated contracts.

2.5Break-Even Isn't $0 Profit

Every options contract you buy is a premium you're paying up-front. That premium is your cost basis — your "real" investment.

For a call, the break-even point is:

• Break-even = Strike + Premium

For a put, it's the opposite:

• Break-even = Strike − Premium

You buy a NVDA $150 Call for $3.50 premium. Your break-even is $153.50. The stock has to climb to $153.50 by expiration for the contract's intrinsic value to equal what you paid.

Here's where new traders get confused. Break-even is only the price where you could exercise the contract into shares and walk away without losing money — it is not a profit line, and it's not where your trade starts making money. It just means "if you turned this into stock right now, you'd be even."

And in real trading we almost never exercise. We sell the contract back to capture its premium — and that premium rises and falls with the stock's movement, theta, and IV, usually long before the stock ever reaches break-even. Until expiration day, the contract still carries extrinsic value (time premium) on top of any intrinsic value.

So if NVDA climbs from $147 to $151, the stock is still below your $153.50 break-even — but your contract's premium might have gone from $3.50 to $5.50 because:

• The option is now closer to ITM (intrinsic value rising)
• IV may have ticked up
• The time premium hasn't fully decayed yet

You sold the contract for a 57% return. The stock never even hit your break-even.

You're trading the contract's premium, not waiting for break-even at expiration. The trade is about percent return on premium paid — not whether the stock crosses some specific number.

Break-even matters as a sanity check for how much movement you need. It doesn't define the trade.

Every option's price is being pushed and pulled by four forces at once: the stock moving, time passing, volatility changing, and (a little) interest rates. The Greeks put a number on each force, so you know why your premium moved — not just that it did.

ΔDelta — Directional Speed

Delta is how much the option's price moves for every $1 move in the stock. Calls run 0 to 1; puts run 0 to −1. It doubles as a rough probability of finishing in-the-money.

Example: a NVDA $150 call with a 0.50 delta gains about $0.50 per share — $50 per contract — for every $1 NVDA rises. At-the-money options sit near 0.50; deep in-the-money near 0.90; far out-of-the-money near 0.10.

Why it matters: high-delta options behave more like owning the stock (reliable moves); low-delta options are cheap lottery tickets that need a big move to pay.

ΓGamma — The Accelerator

Gamma is how fast Delta itself changes as the stock moves. It's highest for at-the-money options and ramps up close to expiration.

Example: that 0.50-delta call has a 0.10 gamma. NVDA rises $1 → delta climbs to about 0.60, so the next dollar earns even more than the last. The option speeds up in your favor (or against you).

Why it matters: high gamma is why at-the-money and short-dated options can explode higher fast — and collapse just as fast when the stock turns.

ΘTheta — The Clock (Time Decay)

Theta is how much value the contract loses every day, just from time passing. (Full decay chart back in Chapter 2.2.)

Example: a theta of −0.05 means the contract bleeds about $5 per day, all else equal. Far from expiry that's a few cents; in the final week it can be brutal.

Why it matters: theta is the rent you pay to hold an option. The stock has to move enough to beat the daily bleed — which is why long-dated contracts are safer.

νVega — Volatility Sensitivity

Vega is how much the premium changes when implied volatility (IV) rises or falls — IV being how much movement the market is pricing in.

Example: a vega of 0.10 means a 1-point rise in IV adds about $10 per contract. This is why options get expensive heading into earnings (IV pumps up) and then IV-crush right after — the premium drops even if the stock barely moves.

Why it matters: buy a high-IV option (like right before earnings) and you can be right on direction and still lose when IV collapses. Vega is the hidden tax on event trades.

ρRho — Interest Rates

Rho is sensitivity to interest rates — the smallest Greek for most retail traders.

Example: a rho of 0.05 means a 1% change in rates moves the option about $0.05. Calls gain a touch when rates rise; puts lose a touch.

Why it matters: usually negligible on short-dated trades — it only really shows up on LEAPS with long time horizons. Don't lose sleep over it, but know it exists.

Let's drop the theory and run a trade with numbers, because options pricing confuses everyone at first. You're not betting on the stock directly — you're buying and selling a contract whose price (the premium) moves with the stock, time, and volatility.

1How Gains & Losses Are Calculated

Your profit is just the change in the premium, times 100 (shares per contract), times the number of contracts. The percentage is what moved on the contract — not the stock.

• Buy 1 contract at $3.50 premium → costs $3.50 × 100 = $350.
• Stock moves your way; the premium rises to $5.25. Sell → you get $525.
• Profit = $525 − $350 = +$175, which is +50% on the trade.

Losses work the exact same way. Buy at $3.50, the premium falls to $2.45, you sell → −$105, a −30% trade. The stock might only have moved a couple percent — the option moved 30–50%. That's leverage.

2Can You Pre-Calculate Risk & Profit?

Mostly yes — with one big caveat.

• Max loss is always known: it's the premium you paid. One $3.50 contract can lose at most $350 (100%). You can never lose more than you put in on a long option.
• Your stop is a premium %: "I'm out if it hits $2.45" is a pre-set 30% stop. Decide it before you enter.
• Your target is a premium %: "sell at $7.00" = +100%. Also set in advance.
• The move you need: delta tells you roughly how much the option gains per $1 of stock. A 0.50 delta means ~$0.50 per $1 — so to add ~$1.50 to the contract you need ~$3 of favorable stock move (before theta eats some).

3What Actually Happens at Expiration

This is the part that surprises people. At expiration, all time value is gone — only intrinsic value is left (or nothing). Take a $38 strike call you paid $1.50 ($150) for:

So if the stock closes at $37, your contract is worthless — a 100% loss. Even at $39 (a dollar in-the-money) you're still down, because all you have left is the $1.00 of intrinsic value and you paid $1.50.

And it's brutal near the close. An hour before expiration with the stock at $39, the contract is already worth only its intrinsic ~$1.00 — if you'd bought it earlier when it carried a lot of time value, you could be down 80–90% even though the stock is technically above your strike. The time premium you paid evaporates as expiration hits. This is why you almost never hold to expiration — you sell well before.

4Break-Even Is Effectively a Loss

That "$39.50 break-even" is only the price where you could exercise into shares and net zero — it is not where you profit, and you almost never exercise. (Full breakdown in Chapter 2.5.) You make money by selling the contract for more premium than you paid, usually long before the stock ever reaches break-even.

5You Sell the Contract — You Don't Exercise It

New traders hear "options" and picture being forced to buy 100 shares. You're not. ~99% of the time you just sell the contract back for its current premium — the same way you sell a stock. Buy To Open, then Sell To Close.

• Selling the contract: simple, instant, uses no extra capital, and captures any leftover time value.
• Exercising: converting into 100 actual shares at the strike — you'd need the full cash for the shares. Almost nobody does this.

"Can you sell your options?" — yes, that's the normal way out. You're trading the contract, not committing to buy the stock.

6How Much Theta Really Bites

Theta isn't a footnote. Say a $3.50 contract has a theta of −$0.05/day:

• That's ~1.4% of the premium melting every day, stock unchanged.
• Hold a week flat → ~10% gone to time alone.
• In the final week before expiry, theta accelerates hard — short-dated contracts can shed 30%+ in days with no stock move.

That's why you can be right on direction and still lose: the stock moved, but too slowly, and theta ate the gain. Longer-dated contracts (and LEAPS) bleed far slower — which is why they're safer.

7How to Estimate an Option's Value

An option's premium is always two parts:

• Intrinsic value — the real in-the-money amount. Call: stock − strike (never below 0). Put: strike − stock. A $38 call with the stock at $41 has $3 of intrinsic value.
• Extrinsic value (time premium) — everything else, driven by time left and implied volatility. It decays to zero by expiration.

Premium = intrinsic + extrinsic. Intrinsic you can do in your head. Extrinsic is priced by a model (Black-Scholes) from strike, time, IV, and rates — so you don't compute it by hand. What you actually do:

• Estimate the move with delta: premium change ≈ delta × stock move. A 0.45-delta call gains ~$0.45 for every $1 the stock rises.
• Run exact scenarios with a free calculator: plug in your strike, expiry, premium, and a target price, and it shows your P&L and break-even at any future date.

8Copy-Paste: Let AI Do the Math

Not into hand-math? Paste this into ChatGPT, Claude, or any AI, fill in the blanks, and it'll calculate the value and risk/reward for you:

Always sanity-check the AI's numbers against a real calculator before risking money — treat it as a fast estimate, not gospel.

The biggest blowups in options aren't from picking the wrong stock. They're from picking the right stock and sizing 30% of the account in one contract. The stock goes the wrong way for two days. Theta does its work. The position is wiped. The thesis was right. The account is gone.

3.1The 1–3% Rule

Never put more than 1–3% of your total portfolio into a single options trade.

• 1% — light test, new strategy, lower conviction
• 2% — standard size for most setups
• 3% — maximum, only on highest-conviction setups

If the trade goes to zero — and it can — you lose 1–3% of your portfolio. Painful but survivable.

If you put 10% in and it goes to zero, you need a 11% gain across the rest just to break even.

3.2The LEAPS + Stock Combo

When the thesis is strong enough that you'd hold the stock for a year, the LEAPS + stock combo is the Nefarious approach. Treat them as one position.

• Buy the stock (your core position)
• Add LEAPS for leverage (1+ year expiration)
• Total combined position: 5–10% of portfolio
• The LEAPS portion itself: still 1–3% of portfolio

You get the long-term stock exposure plus a leveraged kicker. If the thesis plays out over months, both pieces win. If it doesn't, the LEAPS expires but the stock is still there.

3.3What "Risk" Really Means

In stocks, "risk" usually means "how much can the price drop." A stock can drop 50% and recover. You haven't lost anything until you sell.

Options work differently. The contract has an expiration date. Even if you're "right" eventually, the option dies. You can lose 100% of the trade.

Size based on the assumption that the contract goes to zero. If you can't stomach losing 100% of the premium, you sized too big.

Stock alerts are simple — ticker, entry, stop, target. Options alerts have more pieces because every contract has a strike and expiration. Get the wrong contract and you're not in the same trade as Johnny.

4.1The Format

Every options alert looks like this:

4.2Breaking It Down

NVDA = ticker. Dec 19 = expiration date. $150 = strike. Call = bullish bet.

All four pieces matter. NVDA $140 Call is a different trade than NVDA $150 Call. Dec 19 vs Jan 16 is a different trade. Make sure you buy the exact contract listed.

The premium Johnny is paying. $3.50 per share = $350 per contract.

"2c" = 2 contracts. Total cost: $3.50 × 100 × 2 = $700.

This is Johnny's size, not yours. You size based on your own portfolio.

Where Johnny exits if it goes wrong. $2.00 means: if premium drops to $2.00, sell. Loss = $1.50 × 100 × 2 = $300.

The premium price where Johnny trims or exits. $7.00 = 2x return.

4.3Can I Still Enter?

Same idea as stocks. Check how far the premium has moved from Johnny's entry.

• Premium at $3.60 — fine, enter normally
• Premium at $4.00 — slightly late, smaller size
• Premium at $5.00 — too late, R/R is now bad — pass
• Premium at $7.00+ — that's Johnny's exit zone. Don't enter where he's selling.

4.4What to Do After You Enter

1. Note your stop in premium dollars. Most brokers don't auto-stop options. Set a price alert.
2. Watch the alerts channel. Trim updates come there. When Johnny trims at $7, you should too.
3. Don't average down on losers. Options aren't stocks. The contract is decaying. Adding throws good money after bad.
4. Be ready to exit fast. Premium can move 30%+ in minutes around catalysts.

4.5Common Mistakes

• Buying a different strike or expiration than the alert. "Close enough" isn't.
• Sizing in contracts instead of percent of portfolio. 1 contract on a $5k account is huge. 1 contract on a $500k account is nothing.
• Holding through expiration hoping for a miracle. Set a real exit plan.
• Buying short-dated options into earnings without understanding IV crush.

4.6How to Bid on Low-Liquidity Brokers

Options markets are full of hidden orders. They're called iceberg orders — large orders that show only a tiny piece of their full size at the top of the book. When you bid into one, you get filled quietly without ever seeing the real size sitting there.

This matters most on lower-liquidity brokers like Wealthsimple, where the displayed bid and ask can be wide and misleading. On a thinly traded options contract, the real fills often happen inside the spread, not at the displayed bid or ask.

Don't immediately pay the ask. Start somewhere below it and walk up in small steps.

1. Look at the current ask (lowest displayed sell price) as your starting reference.
2. Place a buy limit a few cents below the bid — somewhere mid-spread.
3. Wait 5-10 seconds. If no fill, raise your bid by $0.10.
4. Keep walking up in $0.10 increments. An iceberg or hidden seller often fills you well before you hit the displayed ask.

Say you want to buy a NVDA Dec 19 $150 Call:

• Displayed bid: $3.20 · displayed ask: $3.80 (wide spread)
• Start your buy limit at $3.30 — wait
• No fill? Move to $3.40 — wait
• Move to $3.50 — fills here because a hidden seller was sitting at $3.50

You just got filled at $3.50 instead of paying the displayed $3.80 ask. That's $0.30 × 100 shares = $30 saved per contract.

Same idea, opposite direction. Don't immediately hit the bid. Start somewhere above it and walk down.

1. Look at the current bid (highest displayed buy price) as your starting reference.
2. Place a sell limit a few cents below the ask — mid-spread.
3. Wait 5-10 seconds. If no fill, drop your ask by $0.10.
4. Walk down in $0.10 increments. A hidden buyer often lifts you before you reach the displayed bid.

There are hundreds of options strategies in textbooks. In real trading, most members never need more than four or five. Pick one. Learn it cold. Add another when the first one feels natural.

5.1Long Calls

The simplest bullish trade. Buy a call. Wait for the stock to go up. Sell the call for a higher premium.

Best for: bullish setups with a clear catalyst within the option's lifespan

Risk: 100% of premium paid

Reward: uncapped — premium can multiply 5-10x on big moves

5.2Long Puts

Same idea, opposite direction. Buy a put. Stock goes down. Sell the put for more.

Best for: bearish setups, hedging a long portfolio, sector breakdowns

Risk: 100% of premium paid

Reward: uncapped (until stock hits zero)

5.3Debit Spreads

Buy one option, sell another at a different strike. The sold option offsets some of the cost. Caps both your gain and your loss.

Example: Buy NVDA $150 Call for $3.50, sell NVDA $160 Call for $1.50. Net cost: $2.00. Max profit: $8.00 (the spread between strikes minus cost).

Best for: directional bets where you want a defined max loss

Risk: the net premium paid

Reward: capped — but the trade-off is paying less upfront

5.4LEAPS

Long-dated calls (1–2 years out) on high-conviction names. Treated like leveraged stock.

Best for: stocks you'd hold long-term anyway, where you want extra exposure

Risk: premium paid (but time is on your side)

Reward: uncapped, with much slower theta decay than short-dated options

Often paired with stock holdings (see Chapter 3.2).

5.50DTE

Options that expire the same day. Pure gambling. Massive payouts when right. Total loss when wrong.

Best for: high-conviction intraday moves with clear catalysts (FOMC, earnings reactions, gap-and-go setups)

Risk: 100% of premium — frequently

Reward: can multiply 5-10x in hours

Not a strategy to lean on. Tiny sizes only. If you're sizing 0DTE bigger than other options trades, you're gambling, not trading.

5.6What Most Members Stick To

For 90% of members, the right strategy mix is:

• Long calls / puts on alerted setups with 30+ DTE
• LEAPS on stocks you already hold and believe in
• Debit spreads when you want defined risk on a directional bet

Skip naked short options, iron condors, and complex multi-leg spreads until you have a year of options trading under your belt.

5.7How Johnny Picks Expirations

Picking the right expiration is half the trade. Same setup, wrong DTE = different outcome. Johnny runs two modes depending on what the trade actually is.

When the stock is one I'm long-term swinging anyway, I add long-dated calls (250+ days out) as leveraged exposure on top of the stock position.

• Why long-dated: time is on my side. Theta is almost nothing in the first few months. Poor short-term price action doesn't kill the trade.
• Why this is the safest options approach: if the thesis takes 6 months instead of 6 weeks, I'm still in. The contract isn't dying on me.
• Size: 3% of portfolio per long-dated options swing. Higher conviction trades can use the LEAPS + stock combo at 5–10% total (see Chapter 3.2).

This is most of what I trade. Long-dated calls turn a stock conviction into a leveraged position without the time pressure that kills most options traders.

When a specific technical pattern fits a roughly 1-month timeline — a clean breakout, a pullback setup with a defined catalyst window — I'll use monthly calls instead of LEAPS.

• Why monthly: the setup itself is short-timeframe. Paying for a year of time when the trade resolves in 3-4 weeks is wasted premium.
• Higher theta means higher risk: if the breakout doesn't happen in the expected window, the contract bleeds value fast.
• Size: 1–2% of portfolio. Smaller because the time window is tight and the loss potential is real.

Tighter time = tighter size. The shorter the contract, the more wrong you can be on timing, and the smaller your position needs to be to survive being wrong.

• 250+ DTE: 3% size — time forgives mistakes
• Monthly (30 DTE): 1–2% size — theta is the real cost
• Weekly / 0DTE: 0.5% max — pure speculation

If you're going short-dated, your only edge has to be the catalyst and the setup. The math is against you. Sizing reflects that.

5.8Use the Stock Price as Your Indicator

This is one of the most common new-trader mistakes: watching the options premium ticker for entry and exit signals.

Don't.

The contract's premium reflects multiple inputs at once — stock price, time decay, IV changes, supply/demand on that specific strike. It's noisy. A premium can drop $0.30 while the stock is flat, just from IV bleeding off. A premium can rip $0.50 on a small stock move because gamma is high.

The signal you actually want is the underlying stock price.

For options on a stock you've already analyzed:

• Buy the contract when the stock is at support
• Sell the contract when the stock is at resistance
• Stop out when the stock breaks below your invalidation level

The premium will follow the stock. Trade the chart, not the premium.

Stock charts have years of price history, deep liquidity, clean support/resistance levels, and predictable volume patterns. Options premium charts have noise from theta, IV regime changes, and strike-specific quirks.

You have an edge on reading the stock. You don't have an edge on reading the option's pricing — algorithms own that game.

You alerted into a NVDA $150 Call when NVDA was at $145 (sitting on prior support).

• NVDA rallies to $155 (just under prior resistance at $156)
• Premium goes from $3.50 → $7.50
• The signal to trim isn't "premium is up 100%" — it's "the stock is approaching resistance"

Trim into the strength. If NVDA breaks $156 cleanly, you can re-enter the trade or hold the runner. If NVDA gets rejected at $156, you locked in the trim at near-peak premium.

Two cases where premium-watching matters more than stock-watching:

• IV crush events — earnings reactions where the stock barely moves but IV collapses and your premium drops 40%
• Theta-driven decay on short-dated contracts approaching expiration — the stock can hold steady and the premium still drains

In both cases, the issue is that time/IV are bigger drivers than the stock. The fix is to use longer-dated contracts where the stock dominates the premium.